The restorative effect of environments is predominantly covered under two domains of theories, stress recovery theory (SRT) ( Ulrich et al., 1991) and attentional restoration theory (ART) ( Kaplan, 1995). A restorative environment normally contains natural restorative visual and auditory elements that could reduce stress and support recovery from mental fatigue ( World Health Organization, 2016), therefore it can facilitate body restoration and enhance people’s wellbeing. The concept of “restorative effect,” raised by Kaplan ( Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989), offers a new perspective for relieving mental and physical stress. With ongoing urbanization worldwide, urban citizens are confronted with increasing environmental pollution and growing stress from daily work and life, which is the vital cause of mental pressure and physical health issues. Prospects: These findings would provide applicable suggestions for future design and rebuilding of urban waterfront spaces. The effects of adding visual and auditory elements on psychophysiological restoration were explored, and elements that should be recommended and restrained were discussed. However it was available by adding visual and audio elements to the scene to facilitate the restorative effect in waterfront spaces with high-level artificiality. Results and discussion: It is found that the degree of artificiality of waterfront space was a crucial factor influencing the restoration level of the space, and higher artificiality level of waterfront space resulted in lower level of perceived restoration. At the second stage, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to explore the restorative function of the audio and visual elements. Methods: At the first stage, restorative potential of waterfront spaces was investigated and different elements with restorative effects were identified through an on-site survey, in which visual and auditory forms of environmental-nature, animal-nature, on-water human activities and on-shore human activities were identified. In this study, the restorative effect and mechanism of different audio and visual elements in urban waterfront spaces was systematically studied. Though citizens could take advantage of these public spaces to relax from daily work, its restorative potential has not been paid enough attention. Introduction: Urban waterfront spaces are often composed of built infrastructures and nature elements. 2Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing, China.1School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.Guofeng Zhu 1 Minmin Yuan 2* Hui Ma 1* Zhaoxin Luo 1 Shegang Shao 2
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